Perception of the African American Males Essay

African Americans males are considered dangerous based on a false identity, misconceptions, and misinformation that are available in the media; this includes but is not limited to rap music, news, and TV shows. This misconception can be traced as far back as slavery. The perception of blacks’ males as being dangerous began when the slave came to America on 1619. Due to the situation of being treated as property, to be freely bought and sold, and that the owner was free to split up a couple or family at any time simply by selling some of his/her slaves. African slaves started to behave in a hostile manner. Because of their behavior the Caucasians immediately started to classify the slaves as being dangerous, and they need to be tame as if they were wild animals. This lead the slave masters to start putting chain and walking around with their rifles when they would be in the fields with them. As it was stated in ‘The Brut Caricature†, it portrays black men as innately savage, animalistic, destructive, and criminal; deserving punishment, and maybe death. Due to the negative influence and portrayals of African Americans males, these individuals are often misguided. The nature vs.nurture theory comes into play. I. e. Low income black males are predisposed to innate qualities, while behavioral traits are learned i. e. through the media. â€Å"Get Rich or Die Trying† is the mentality of most African American males with the help of the media. Most males see themselves as rap stars, sports stars, and or comedians. There is limited exposure of African American as doctors or lawyers at an early age its learned that their chance of success in life is limited. The men in the low income communities have the tendencies of wanting to become like the â€Å"white man†. The main problem is that they portray the idea of â€Å"get rich quick†. These perceptions cause them to turn into drugs, and from there into violence and crimes. According to a 2006 National Urban League report a third of black males will spend time in prison before their 35th birthday. This fact could be because of the high school dropouts and the poor understanding they get from society. Yes, I said the poor understanding from society, because black men are one of the least understood groups in our country. People don’t look at the conditions that cause a lot of black men to be in the situations they’re in today, they just look at the results. † According to my findings, among men, blacks (28. 5%) are about six times more likely than whites (4. 4%) to be admitted to prison during their life. I also noted that there are more black males in prison in America than are in college. (The Black and White of Justice, Freedom Magazine). Volume 28. Another consequence for African Americans it’s that the â€Å"monster† image given by the Caucasian people are carry by the poor African American people. According to Stallworth (early 1990’s) young black males continue to follow patterns of slavery times. Many fulfill white America’s image of them legitimately by becoming successful gangster rappers, others fulfill these image illegitimately by becoming â€Å"bad niggers† Rappers, therefore reinforce the popular belief that as â€Å"bad ass niggers† young black can achieve fame, recognition, and sense of being (somebody). If they lose, however, they can face a long stay in our jails and prisons or even bodily injury and death. Which it’s happening now days. Media and the African American Males According to the book ‘Black Demons’ there is a â€Å"black pathology† a fundamental weakness in African American families that can be traced to their experiences as slaves. The news media, for example, have taken the lead in equating young African American males with aggressiveness, lawlessness, and violence. Likewise, the entertainment media have eagerly taken their cue from the journalists, and these false images not only affect race relationship but also create a self felling prophecy for African American youngsters, whose limits of achievement can be determined for them by suggestions in the media. A common stereotype about African American men is that they are engage in drug abuse a disproportionate way which it’s not true because according to statistics from the US department of Health and Human services that although eight percent of African American males cocaine, eleven percent of whites have use the same drug. This is, however, not the impression that we get from watching the evening local news or even an episode of television program COPS. Blacks Stereotyped of Being Intellectually Inferior and Criminals. Another common negative stereotype, establishes the African American male as intellectually inferior. Studies directed by psychologist Claude Stale, indicate that African American teenagers are aware that they are stigmatized as being intellectually inferior and the go to school bearing what psychologist Claude has called a â€Å"burden of suspicion† Such burden can affect their attitudes and achievements. These shadows hang over stigmatized people no matter their status or accomplishments. These stigmas have the potential to roll them of their individually and debilitate their attempts to break out of the stereotypical roles. Blacks are the repository for the American fear of crime. Ask anyone, of any race, to picture a criminal and the image will have a black face. The linked between blackness and criminality it’s routinized by terms such a â€Å"black-on-black crimes† or â€Å"black crimes†. I also have to mention the ‘black brute stereotype arise in the early 1870’s. Such stereotype is one of the pictures white Americans have in their heads about black men: as savage, violent amazingly strong and not caring about right and wrong. Even today according to my findings , blacks are three times more likely to be physically threatened, harmed or killed because if their race than whites. So this idea of whites as peaceful and blacks ad threatening to white is not rooted in fact. It is rooted in something else. Yes, there are black men who are violent and savage, who do unspeakable things. But there are white men like that too. In either case they are hardly common enough to reasonably determine one’s ideas about the ordinary people of their race. Rap Music and its influence in African American males Rap music celebrates vulgarity. Indeed, it markets vulgarity; that is its product. It is the vulgar excesses of rap-the profanity, the over-sized jewelry, the naked acquisitiveness, the sexual aggressiveness-that are its hallmarks. New media attention on rap music seems obsessed on instances of violence at rap concerts, rap producers’ illegal use of musical samples, gangster raps’ lurid fanatics of cop killing, and female dismemberment, and Black Nationalist rappers suggestions that white peoples are devils disciples. It seems that rappers to notice the influence they have in people mostly African American people, and by say this type of things they send an incorrect message to their fanatics and other people in general. In most of the songs you can find a high level of aggravated language, images, and high crimes scenarios. . According to the authors of these songs, they just make it for the entertainment of their fans without thinking of the image they are given of their people and themselves. One question and many answers from our society I took the duty to find out the perception that common US citizens have towards African American males, by submitting a question on (answersyahoo. com) people from all around our country answered to my question. The following are the answers to my survey. †¢ People poisonous stereotypes the black males with the â€Å"5 Ds†Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dumb, deprived, dangerous, deviant, and disturbed†. †¢ Lazy & uneducated †¢ Drug dealers †¢ Poor †¢ Hate other races †¢ They are dirty †¢ Loud, obnoxious, rude My Opinion. For these reasons and many other African American males are consider dangerous for our society. But stop and think for a minute, are they all really dangerous or this is only a big misunderstanding? Can we judge them all as a whole, or there are some of them that can be excluded of being stereotyped as â€Å"dangerous†, â€Å"criminal†, etc? In my opinion we cannot judged them all as a whole and we should also try to understand the reasons behind their actions. We have to learn how to be open minded and see things from different perspectives. We also have to realize that not everything that we see and listen in the media is always the truth, there is always a second part of a story and most of the time we fail to look for that second part. African American behavior has been shaped by us (society) because of our mistreatment towards them and our racism†¦ I believe if we change the way we look at them and express about them, they will change their behavior and we no longer will have to use the statement of â€Å"dangerous† when referring to a African American male. Conclusion. To conclude to this issue in question I just have to say ‘Black or white, God gave us the opportunity to succeed, and regardless of the situation we are dealt, we can all live the life we imagined. After s days of research I can’t say there is a wrong or right theory about African American males because everyone has their own way of thinking and their own opinion. But just to add ‘the world would be shocked to know that the majority of black men make the right choices and build successful families and careers every day in America, yet are rarely discussed in the headlines’. Bibliogaphy.

London- by William Blake Essay

William Blake had a relatively pastoral upbringing, which evokes Wordsworth’s ideas. He was a Christian yet he entertained different thoughts that went against the general view. He campaigned against the exploitation of children in factories. Like a prophet from the Old Testament, he is an expert at finding every little peccadillo in the world. For him, there seems to be nothing positive about London to write about. This poem is taken from a book of poems called ‘Songs of Experience.’ In London, every street and part of land is owned by someone. Money, power and ownership are the three factors that merge together to hold this city together. This goes against Christianity and the message that Jesus gave, that money is not the way to spiritual happiness. ‘Wander’ suggests someone who is dispossessed and uninterested with the life that they lead. The way he describes London shows that it is controlled by bureaucratic laws. This is shown by the mentioning of â€Å"chartered streets†, charters were given to people who were richer or more powerful than most and it allowed them to control the streets of London. This line outlines city’s wealth and businesslike atmosphere. The city seems quite unlike the celestial image that Wordsworth once created. It is owned by man, not God and seems rigid and ruthless. ‘Mark’ means notice, it is also the name of Jesus’ disciple, and marking work or maps. ‘Marks of weakness, marks of woe.’ The word ‘marks’ is repeated to emphasize these meanings. This repetition, thudding and oppressive, also reflects the suffocating atmosphere of the city. The voice of experience appears to come through, noticing marks on people, physical scars and signs of poverty, sing and slavery. The Bible suggests marks of sin should be punished; they are a symbol of damnation, however for many of the people who live in London that bear the marks are unavoidable. It is the poor people who are the most vulnerable to sin, contrary to what Jesus preached, as they are forced to follow in their fathers’ footsteps. The marks that are awarded to good work and the marks on maps/plans are all symbols of London vigorously progressing business and trades, which are prepared to ignore acts of sin, so as to keep the benefits of their trade. In the second stanza, the words ‘every’ and ‘cry’ are repeated, like an obsessive mantra. Not only is there physical slavery, but the people of London, poor and rich, are trapped in a compulsive, mental race for money. There is a link to the French Revolution, where the peasants were attempting to break free from the manacles that bond them. The children that are born into this world have a horrible life of poverty and squalor to face with. They have a fearful upbringing that leads to an even more awful life. The manacles are associated with chains and slaves. But they are not real; they are just in everybody’s mind, mentally restricting everyone. The poor are unable to get out of their restricting mental box. The English society is obsessed by class and hierarchy. The rigidly controlled society enforces the very submission that it wants to break away from. So the law is not entirely to blame, as people can force slavery upon themselves. The penultimate stanza attacks institutions and cruelty that they bring about. The poem is to do with the sounds that radiate from London. By listening to them, on gets a clever, less biased image of London. The chimney sweeps were usually little boys, who often died at a very early age because of the condition that they had to work in. The chimney sweepers are connected with the church because they are often in need of the church’s help but they are frequently turned away, or they turn a blind eye on them, or it could even be the church that sends them up there. This is not the attitude that a church should have on children, it completely contradicts everything in the bible. This is why the ‘blackening church’ also represents the smoke and soot. ‘appalls’ in line 10 is exaggerating the blame of the church as well as meaning ‘goes pale’ which is a juxtaposition with ‘blackening.’ It is as though the blackened stone is a mark of sin on the church. Blackening also suggests a dark, evil, corrupt scene. Appall means to whiten and be horrified, but a pal is also a cloak of death. The children were abandoned on the street and were picked up and lead to their death. Blake blames the church for the deaths. But in Blake’s mind, the most atrocious crime of all is prostitution. The hearse is a carriage to carry a body in. This stanza concentrates on marriage and new-life, both of which should bring happiness. Instead Blake sees new-life as just continuing the cycle of the corruption, and he criticizes the reasons for marriage, believing that many marry for convenience rather than marrying for love. Most of the men who visit prostitutes are old and married. Blake also criticizes the â€Å"youthful harlot† and uses the word â€Å"plague† to suggest STD’s which will be contracted and passed on. It is the death of marriage. In a plague, all people fie, the wife gets the disease from her husband who slept with the prostitutes. The lies and deceit caused by the husbands’ deception will turn their marriage. Blake does not blame the prostitutes however, as he realizes that it is their escape from poverty. It is ironic that he says ‘And blights with plagues the marriage hearse,’ because marriage and hearse do not go together. It suggests marriage, then death. Blake is saying basically that happiest things in life such as love or marriage can be tarnished by disease, such as the plague, causing death.

A local conflict Essay

Q) With reference to a local conflict over the use of a resource that you have studied, discuss the extent to which all interest groups involved can be satisfied with its outcome. (40) The local conflict I have studied was the expansion of Heathrow airport, although the conflict itself ended in 2010 when it was legally resolved. However there are still effects that were created from the plans to expand Heathrow that have upset many different groups. In this essay I will discuss how the groups involved were either satisfied or dissatisfied with the outcome. There was a debate to whether or not the expansion at Heathrow was necessary. Here BAA (the airports directing company) pointed out that Heathrow was currently operating at 99.2% capacity utilisation meaning that even small incidents would create major delays, such as the ability of Heathrow to cope in extreme winter conditions such as snow. But the Greater London Authority and Hillingdon council argued saying there were alternativ es such as expanding Gatwick airport. Labour parliament also intervened stating the huge increase in passengers should be met by London’s most efficient and largest airport should be developed into the UK’s air hub. However the conservative party suggested more alternatives such as improving rail infrastructure to allow extra capacity to spread to other airports such as Manchester. This would benefit the north of England especially with the struggling economy. Arguments then arose over the impacts that would come from the expansion of Heathrow and there were many mixed attitudes towards this. A positive outcome economically would be that 140,000 new jobs would be created meaning that more people would be earning a decent wage paying taxes that would contribute to the government in funding public services such as hospitals. And if the expansion didn’t go ahead then it was estimated the UK would lose potentially  £4.5 billion GDP growth and  £1.6 billion of its existing GDP to other nations around the world. But the protest groups ‘Plane Stupid’ said that jobs would only benefit the south east as this is where Heathrow is located, it was also pointed out that the GDP figures are miniscule when compared to the UKs total GDP of  £2.435 trillion. In terms of the environment, the labour government at the time presented schemes whereby extra greenhouse emissions would be offset. This included involvement in the EUs new Carbon Permit Trading Scheme. However many environmental groups and  charities argued against this. Greenpeace produced information showing that Heathrow’s post-expansion carbon footprint would be a similar size to that of Kenya’s. The National Trust pointed out that regardless of whether CO2 was being offset around the UK, London air quality would fall. Also, the impacts on local communities came into question. A village on the expansion site known as Sipson would be destroyed if the expansion of Heathrow was granted. This would involve 700 homes being demolished as well as several a listed buildings. BAA claimed it would relocate and reimburse the whole community displaced. They also said they would not destroy but in fact repair and maintain the listed buildings on the site. However Sipson village council, the Greater London Authority and the conservative party argued against this. They stated that significant proportions of Greenbelt land would be destroyed and the sound levels in the area wou ld expand by several km2. In January 2009 Heathrow’s proposal for expansion was granted by the Labour Government. But this was put to a standstill as the demonstration groups opposing the plans for Heathrow appealed the decision to the Higher Court. It took a whole year of a legal battle but it was decided eventually in March 2010 that the Labour government’s decision was invalid and it was placed under review. That year in the general election the Conservatives and Lib Dems came to power and cancelled all the plans and proposals of extending Heathrow. With this outcome many groups were satisfied such as the Royal Society for the protection of Birds as the habitat of many birds around the airport shall not undergo any more destruction. However it is notable that the expansion won’t occur in the medium term. This is due to the whole process shall have to be reran if the plans are to risen again. Therefore it could be argued that in the short term the opposition groups will be satisfied. But in the long term the decision may be overturned and these groups left dissatisfied. For example Sipson Village Council are now being brought into another conflict as an alternative to the expansion of Heathrow the government have begun developing the HS2 as an infrastructure project. Supposedly it will link up with Heathrow, meaning the land will be built upon again destroying thousands of homes in the process. So now local communities are having to campaign in another conflict leaving them still dissatisfied. In conclusion, protest groups have been awarded for their hard work and efforts in avoiding the plans for Heathrow expansion going  ahead which has been very satisfying. But in the long term more problems have arisen as the HS2 is said to be in motion which would just cause the same problems to local communities. It seems that no matter what the decision some groups will always have different feelings towards them of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

The relationship between employee rewards and poor motivation in a Essay

The relationship between employee rewards and poor motivation in a Restaurant in the UK - Essay Example Interestingly, the same trend in turnover is also being observed in the United States (US) and in Germany (US Department of Labour, 2010; Endter, 2011). A number of factors were examined in various researches which tackled the issue of employee turnover. Blomme, Tromp, and Van Rheede (2008) suggested that performance rewards may be positive predictors of turnover; whereas, Robinson and Barron (2007) argued that low job satisfaction, not extrinsic rewards, are strongly associated with turnover. Theoretically, however, Jones, et al. (2003) maintained that recognition and appreciation, as well as a system of rewards, are necessary to boost employee motivation. In this regard, Walker and Miller (2010) consider incentive pay, bonuses and even non-monetary rewards to be effective modes of developing motivation, provided that the motivators used are congruent with employees’ needs and desires or that the motivators may be associated to their reasons for working. A look at the motivat or-hygiene or two-factor theory enunciated by Frederick Herzberg in the late 1950s posited that motivating factors are intrinsic elements of a job which lead to the satisfaction of an employee, while hygiene factors are the extrinsic elements of the work setting which cause dissatisfaction of an employee. ... Accordingly, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory considered rewards system (i.e., salary and benefits as job dissatisfier; whereas Jones, et al. (2003) and Walker and Miller (2010) among others, believe otherwise. Moreover, Landy and Conte (2010) underscored the significance of examining the â€Å"level of success with various motivators to know how to increase or maintain work motivation for any individual† (p. 367). It is in the context of Landy and Conte’s assertion that this study is being proposed to investigate the relationship between employee rewards and motivation in a UK restaurant. Informal interviews with several employees in two branches of a restaurant in Bournemouth, UK revealed a prevailing attitude of discontent in their workplace among the staff. The interviewees confided that they are grossly dissatisfied with their pay, but they admitted they can not speak for the others. The series of casual conversations with a few restaurant staff provided the motivation for this proposed study. The research will verify the proponent’s position that there is a significant relationship between employee rewards and motivation among the employees in the two branches of the restaurant from the perspective that there is a positive link between satisfaction with the rewards system and the work motivation of the staff. If this relationship is confirmed, Herzberg’s theory that the rewards system is a hygiene factor and not a motivating factor will be disproved. Consequently, support can be gained for Walker and Miller’s (2010) confident assertion that â€Å"rewards are useful motivators† (p. 196). Staff satisfaction with the performance appraisal system, performance management system and the rewards

International Business Management (Case Analysis) Case Study - 1

International Business Management ( Analysis) - Case Study Example The relationship between the government and businesses are highly connected and interdependent. Democracy is a political system where citizens participate in the governance and decision-making processes either directly or indirectly through their elected representatives. Freedom is the defining characteristic of democracy. In decentralized democracies such as USA and Canada, companies are likely to face different and conflicting laws from province or state to another. Totalitarianism is a political system where citizens seldom if ever, participate in the governance and decision-making process (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). An individual or agent monopolizes power and opposition are intolerable. There is suppression of dissenting voices through the total control of media, police, and other state agencies. With the evolution of democracies, classification of countries follows either the rule of law or the rule of man. The rule of man puts the ultimate power in the hands of a single individual. This is the core of totalitarian governments while the rule of law is the hallmark of democratic governments where authority comes from written transparent laws, the constitution. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) includes exclusive rights of ownership to intangible assets such as copyrights, patents, and trademarks. These intellectual properties are very difficult to create but easy to duplicate, making governments enact legislations to protect people who own these assets (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Governments have created transitional institutions focusing on controlling piracy. They have also criminalized piracy. The frequency and drive for software piracy focus on the key issues such as the accepted legitimacy of piracy, a dream too tall to achieve legally. The degree and standards of software piracy differ greatly from region to

Team communication in Ford and Toyota companies Case Study

Team communication in Ford and Toyota companies - Case Study Example Organizational climate and morale means good relations and positive atmosphere which supports workers. Thus critics admit that morale "has suffered in Ford for a long time" (Ettlie, 2002). The company tried to improve morale creating new culture and rules but was not successful in its efforts. Many project teams in Ford have excellent problem solving skills and communication. Many employees follow Henry Ford's statement: "Don't find fault. Find a remedy" (Ettlie 2002). Team members use participative and enthusiastic approach to solve current problems and finding new innovative solutions (www.ford.com). Organizational coaching is not just a single conversation or a scheduled meeting that is part of the performance-management process. It is a commitment that requires the coach to establish. The uniqueness of approach implemented by Ford is coaching for competencies. The coaching relationship has the potential for deepening an individual's understanding of his influence on the organizat ion and for strengthening the personal commitment to achieving that organization's goals and outcomes. Developed by Henry Ford, the company has 'lean enterprise system'. Further this system was adopted by Toyota (www.ford.com; Lothans, 2006). B. For Ford Company, team morale and climate become the main problem.

American life between the years 1919-1929 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American life between the years 1919-1929 - Essay Example Besides, there were hysterical fears regarding the red Russia, which were attributed to the influence caused by Bolshevik revolution that had occurred earlier in 1917; in fact, this paper will focus on exploring significant issues concerning life between the years 1919 to 1929. During this period, there was anxiety heightened by epidemic attack, which had convulsed the America at the end of the war; in fact, some people had a belief that there were labor tribulations fomented by Bolsheviks. Moreover, this led to campaigns against people who were suspected of having relations with radicals that had been deported to Russia due to cases of Wall Street bombing that led to death of thirty eight people (Aboukhadijeh 1). Furthermore, it was during the same period that a number of state legislature was passed, which involved laws on criminal syndicalism. Besides, this prohibited advocacy of violence in the effort to securing social change, through use of words to achieve the same were not cr iminalized. Conservative businesspeople abolished their association with unions, thereby leading to a reflection of cases referred to as â€Å"judicial lynching.† These cases led to conviction of people such as Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti; in fact, this case involved prejudice by the judge against the defendant due to the mere fact that they were foreigners from Italy, however, this led to rallies made by liberal radicals, and this led to their execution (Aboukhadijeh 1). It was during the same period that America saw the spawning of Ku Klux Klan after the reaction of the war aftermath; in fact, this was seriously spread during the 1920s (Aboukhadijeh 1). Moreover, this was related to notions against Catholics, Jews, Pacifist, Communist, birth-control, evolution, and internationalist; thus, Klan was spreading vigorously to the Midwest of south peak in the mod 1920s, thereby affecting more than five million American citizens. Later in 1920s, there were efforts, made b y some American to end this movement through the congressional investigation after a stern warning. This period was also faced with increased number of immigrants, who entered and settled in the country; in fact there approximately eight hundred thousand, whereby two-third came from southern and eastern part of Europe. On the other hand, it was during the same period, the Congress focused in ending the breach with Emergency Quota Act of 1921, whereby immigrants from Europe were constrained in duration of year based on the quota (Aboukhadijeh 1). Later in 1924, there was a replacement of the Immigration Act with a stopgap legislation that had been formulated in 1921. In fact, this led to reduction of the three to two percent of the national origins for those who migrated. Apparently, there were prohibitions against immigrants from Japan, since America was not allies with this country; in fact, others in this list included Canadians and Latin Americans. Therefore, the immigration act in 1924 was the end of the immigration that has been unrestricted; thus, by this moment America has turned into country with numerous ethnic communities. There were efforts aimed at organizing the labor unions but they were all in vain due to ethnic difference, which led discrimination based on social class and political solidarity. During this period, there were progressive reforms aimed at prohibiting the support for crusading churches and women, due to Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 (Aboukhadijeh 1).

Beuys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Beuys - Essay Example In actuality it went underground, emerging again, in entirely new guises, only toward the end of the 1970s. In 1967 Joseph Beuys, a professor of sculpture at the prestigious Dsseldorf Academy of Art, founded the politically dissident German Student Party and in the following year aligned himself with the rioting students, who strongly influenced his attitudes to art and politics. Beuys was born in 1921 at Kleve in the Lower Rhineland, served with the Luftwaffe in the War, enrolled as a student at the Dsseldorf Academy in 1947, and was Professor of Monumental Sculpture there from 1961 until he was dismissed in 1972. Beuys, who remained committed to social change to the end of his life, founded (among other organizations) the Organization of Non-Voters/Free Referendum Information Point in 1970 and the Organization for Direct Democracy through Referendum in 1971. He also waged war against hidebound art education. Beuys summed up his countercultural stance in 1979: "Young people -- the hippies in the '60s, the punks today -- are struggling to find new ways of defining the culture they live in . They, not money, are the capital of society" (Adriani, Konnertz, & Thomas, 1979). More than any of his contemporaries, Beuys sought to confront the social situation of a physically and psychologically devastated Germany and, by extension, Europe. Facing up to German history and culture -the Nazi period and its antecedents -- he said that he would assume the shamanistic role of exorcising past horrors, indicating the traumas of a time and initiating a healing process." He also believed that the imaginative powers of art could change life and bring about a personal and national rebirth. His ideas appealed to the European art world, because they seemed peculiarly European and -- equally important -- because they were expressed in an advanced visual language. Beuys achieved widespread recognition in 1968 and, in the 1970s, became the most important and influential artist in Europe. Beuys proposed his art as an alternative to contemporary American art -- which to him meant pop art, exemplified by Warhol, and minimalism. He overlooked the fact that many American post minimalists were also reacting against pop art and minimalism and were, like him, moving into performance and installation art. And they were as affected by the Vietnam War and America's social evils as he had been by the Nazi horror, the Holocaust, the student uprisings of 1968 -- and Vietnam. (But he convinced a significant number of European artists and art professionals that his misreading of American and European art was the correct interpretation, in large measure because they wanted to believe it.) Beuys's artistic roots were in Dada-inspired fluxus, which had been at the center of the German avant-garde in the early 1960s. Attracted by its use of performance to break down barriers between art and life, he joined the group. In February 1963 he hosted an international fluxus festival, Festum Fluxorum Fluxus at the Dsseldorf Academy. On that occasion he performed the first of his "actions," as he called his theatrical pieces, titled Siberian Symphony. Fluxus artists, who generally favored simple, short, often outrageous and funny sound-producing events, found Beuys's performance too complex and metaphorical for their taste. But much as he

The economic performance of the UK compared to Japan since 1990 has Essay - 1

The economic performance of the UK compared to Japan since 1990 has clearly demonstrated the superiority of the Anglo Saxon model over State Led Capitalism. Discuss - Essay Example Where as in state led capitalism, the productive forces are directed and controlled by the government in a capitalist manner. It is a social system combining capitalism with state ownership. Anglo Saxon economic model encourages innovation, competitiveness, and promote overall prosperity, and produces less inequality and poverty at the lowest margins of a society. It creates more jobs and delivers better working conditions as seen in UK where working condition is better than Japan. When people invest their own money, they have a chance to make profit by best efforts. Here production utilises at optimum level as the individual interest is involved. Competition pushes the producer to take up productive steps such as new technology, cost cutting, and use of best supply chain for making good profit (Schmidt, Vivien A., 2002). Other than these advantages, this economy also proves some disadvantages. This model of economy is responsible for a life of low wages and long hours for its employees. It creates inequality in society as the more talented and innovative people build strong financial position compared to less skilled individuals. Adding, poverty rates which were substantially higher in recent years in UK, where the economy is basically followed by Anglo Saxon economy model (Schmidt, Vivien A, 2002). State led capitalism economy advocates for the principle of individual rights. Consistent and rapid economic growth is the proven outcome of this economy. Human welfare is common in this economy. Its decentralised system of coordination is the greatest strength of its economy. But it has also some negative factors in its model. Because of more government intervention, social evils like nepotism, corruption, poor management may hurt the growth rate. In United Kingdom, Anglo Saxon model has allowed higher incomes for low paid workers, and at the same time it enhanced

Corporation As a Legal Entity Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporation As a Legal Entity - Case Study Example After carrying on a leather business for sometime, Mr. Salomon turned his business into a limited company. At that time the law required the number of shareholders to be essentially seven. Mr. Salomon held 20,001 shares with his wife and five children holding six remaining shares, making him the majority shareholder of the company. He also acted as the sole director of the company. Mr. Salomon sold his previous business to the company and received the payment in the form of debentures. The debentures were worth 10,000, which were secured by him with the charge, making him a secured creditor of the company. After some time his business failed and he had to liquidate the company. The debentures were paid off out of the remaining assets but nothing was left to pay the unsecured creditors of the company who sued Mr. Salomon to be personally liable for the debts of the company. The court's decision however went in the favour of Mr. Salomon on the basis that he had not committed any fraud and that he could not be held liable for his company's debts as a company is a separate being from that of its owners and directors, even when the majority of shares and debentures were held by him (Griffin, 2000) It is therefore evident from above illustration that a company's owners, shareholders, directors, and management cannot be termed as the same entity as the company itself, because in the light of law, these are distinct from each other. Therefore, the claim of the Bensons Carpfit Ltd's unsecured creditors that the owners and shareholders of the company should personally pay to them other than the company's assets is vague and has no legal obligation on the owner as commented by Cheffins (1997, p147), "in the ordinary course, a company's shareholders, directors, and officers are not personally liable for the company's debts". The case of Salomon v Salomon & Co validates this point and the court's verdict proved that director and shareholder could not be held liable for the debts of the company. The claim of unsecured creditors that Ben who holds the majority of shares, is the sole director and rest of the shareholders being his trustees in the company, should be held liable for the company's debts because he seems to have traded the company solely. The same was the claim raised by the creditors in the case of Salomon v Salomon & Co that Mr. Salomon being the majority shareholder and sole director of the company should be responsible for the company's debts. However, the court disagreed that even if that had been the case, Mr. Salomon could still not be held liable. Thus, the claim of the creditors of Ben's company holds no validity in the eyes of law. In the case of Levy V Abercorris Slate and Slab Co, the court enjoined that debenture entails existence or recognition of a debt. Ben also held debentures worth 10,000 having charge over the company's assets. The charge on Ben's debentures need to be determined by the court concerning their nature as being floating or fixed. In the case of Re Mamagh shoes ltd (1982), the court disregarded the parties' consideration of document as a fixed charge and reckoned it to be a floating charge. It means that the Ben's loan to his company was secured and in case of liquidation he was much in a

Totalitarianism Destroys Humanity Essay Example for Free

Totalitarianism Destroys Humanity Essay Totalitarianism is a form of government that is ruled by a leader who possesses absolute power and permits no privacy and freedom among its citizens. Countries that practice totalitarian government have unhappy citizens because the government has complete control of their lives, like Oceania in Orwell’s novel, 1984. Totalitarianism is harmful because it dehumanizes citizens in so many ways and as a result, it only leads to human extinction. Living in a country like Oceania in 1984 without freedom of thought, action and expression is horrible because these things are fragments of humanity and without these reedoms, it makes people ignorant, unintelligent and unhappy. Moreover, a totalitarian government invades peoples’ privacy to track everything they do in their lives even in their own homes to make sure they obey the totalitarian government laws and rules and this is unfair because people need privacy to preserve their anonymity and individuality. Additionally, totalitarian government uses torture to punish and convert people so that people will obey the government without hesitation and this causes people to become comparable with animals. Therefore, totalitarianism is a serious threat to humanity because t makes human beings incapable of thinking and unable to do things on their own which causes them to stop thinking and considered as mentally dead. To begin, totalitarianism takes away people’s freedom, which is essential for humanity, and it gives the government complete control over people’s lives. In 1984, Newspeak is enforced by the government to limit the expression and thought of people; consequently, making the citizens of Oceania easily controlled by the government. This is evident when Syme says, â€Å"Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible because there will be no word to express it† (Orwell 55). This is important because the limitation of words affects people’s mind because there will be not enough words to express their thoughts and people might become illiterate. When people become illiterate, they will follow and believe anything the government tells them and they cannot defend themselves because of their inability to put their thoughts together and their inability to speak. Hence, lacking freedom of thought and expression makes eople become unconscious of reality and this is a problem because consciousness plays a vital role for human beings. Furthermore, totalitarian states restrict their citizens to act independently which causes most people to become depressed because they can never reach eternal state of happiness without freedom. A prisoner from Thailand says, â€Å"Without freedom, humans are not human† (Pruksakasemsuk 2011). The ability to act freely is important to human beings because it is the main factor of happiness. Freedom permits human beings to do things that make them happy and taking this away from them is asically like taking their happiness as well. For instance, in North Korea people are not allowed to leave their country because it is one of their totalitarian rules. In 1984, Oceania citizens are also not allowed to escape their country and they are separated from the rest of the world. They are completely clueless of what is outside of their country aside from knowing there are Eastasia and Eurasia. If a person’s dream from North Korea or Oceania is to travel the world, their dream is automatically crushed because they are not allowed to leave their country. Therefore, lack of freedom makes people despair, unresponsive and passive which cause human beings to become unable to think and unknowing. Also, privacy is important to human beings because this is where people express their true emotions. A totalitarian state has completely no privacy and this causes people to restrict from showing their true self because they are being watched all the time. In 1984, telescreens can be found everywhere in Oceania even in their own homes so that the government can see everything they do. This becomes clear when the narrator explains, any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it; moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plague commanded, he could be seen as well as heard† (Orwell 4). This is significant because it makes people to become self-conscious and afraid all the time and thus, causes them to fake themselves into whatever the government wants them to be. In a place like this, expressing one’s self is almost impossible and their emotions might build up inside them and it can lead to self-destruction. Hence, emotions are important for human beings but the government’s invasion of people’s privacy restricts its citizens to do so. In addition, privacy is also needed to preserve individuality and to have our needs of respect and dignity because these are foundations of humanity. According to Schneier, â€Å"Privacy is an inherent human right and a requirement for maintaining the human condition with dignity and respect† (Schneier 2006). This is significant because living the way you want in a totalitarian state is so unlikely to happen because the government technically tells people how to live heir lives. In 1984, telescreens are also found in people’s homes and the government literally sees everything people do in their houses which means respect and dignity do not really apply to people anymore because they have no privacy. People have things that they want to keep only for themselves but things do not work like that in a totalitarian state and living the way you want is considered as thoughtcrime. Therefore, totalitarianism destructs the necessities of human beings to have respect, dignity and individuality and ultimately disturbs humanity which can lead to ur extinction. Finally, torture is practiced by totalitarian governments to control and reform people so that a rebellion would be impossible. Continuous torture makes people believe in something they are totally against with due to the unendurable pain that affects one’s mind. This is evident when Winston gets tortured and says, â€Å"I don’t know. You will kill me if you do that again. Four, five, six, in all honesty I don’t know† (Orwell 264). This brainwashing makes people ignore their knowledge and go with whatever the government wants them to say or believe just to stop the pain. Torture causes people to change and forget what they used to believe to survive. By being submissive and ignorant, people are incapable of realizing the reality and they become incapable of thinking which is bad because thinking is the most important thing for human beings. For that reason, torture shouldn’t be practiced by anyone because they do not only physically hurt the person but the mentality of the person is also affected causes them to become unconscious. Also, psychological torture such as using fear to torture people makes them elfish and causes them to become isolated. This becomes clear when Winston says while he is being tortured, â€Å"Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I don’t care what you do to her†¦. † (Orwell 300). This torture causes betrayal to someone no matter how important or how much they love that person. Torture makes people selfish because fear is something people cannot bear and thus, makes them become isolated. Isolation is what exactly the government wants to establish but humans are not supposed to be isolated because that causes them to their downfall. When people are alone, they die because they have no one to share their problems with. Therefore, torture makes people depart away from humanity because it makes them alienated and forces them to ignore their own knowledge and reality which cause them to become like a sheep. Human beings must be knowledgeable of what’s happening around them and they must also not lose their ability to think because without thinking humans are mentally dead. Thinking is very critical to all human beings because that is the only thing that differentiates us from animals. Totalitarianism robs this ability from us, human beings, causing us to become unaware of reality and believe in some things that are totally untrue. Freedom of thought, act and expression are essential for humanity because they keep us conscious and do things that make us happy. Privacy is also important to humanity because human beings need dignity, respect and individuality because these things make humans live their own lives the way they want to and totalitarianism objects this idea. The use of torture in totalitarian state is also against humanity because it does not only physically abuse human beings but s well as psychologically and this is an issue because torture affects people’s brain that causes them to become unknowledgeable and oblivious of their surroundings. That’s why people should fight for their freedoms to live happily without the government controlling their own lives. No countries should practice totalitarian government because they are useless and it will only cause human beings to cease to exist in this world. Overall, totalitarian government should be ban in the world so we can save humanity and keep people to exist on Earth as conscious and well aware human beings.

What do visual hallucinations tell us about the nature of consciousness Essay Example for Free

What do visual hallucinations tell us about the nature of consciousness Essay The term ‘hallucination’ is difficult to define. There is a fine line between a ‘hallucination’ and an ‘illusion’. A hallucination differs from an illusion in that illusions are a product of misinterpretations of external stimuli whereas hallucinations need no such requirement making them an entirely internal process. A true hallucination can also be distinguished from a pseudo-hallucination in which the individual can recognise that what they’re seeing or hearing is not real. Hallucinations are also different from voluntary mental imagery, in that the thought has not uncontrollably forced itself onto our minds. Slade and Bentall (1988, cited in Blackmore, 2010) provided a working definition of a hallucination: â€Å"Any percept-like experience which (a) occurs in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, (b) has the full force or impact of the corresponding actual (real) perception, and (c) is not amenable to direct and voluntary control by the experiencer.† Hallucinations are frequently associated with schizophrenia. In result, those who hallucinate hesitate to come forward due to fear of being labeled crazy. The Society for Psychical Research’s ‘Census of Hallucinations’ is one of the first attempts to study hallucinations in the general population. 1684 people from 17,000 said they had previously suffered from a hallucination. It was found that visual hallucinations were more common than auditory hallucinations, and hallucinations where generally more common in females, with the most common type being a vision of a person (Blackmore, 2010). One general model of hallucinations is the ‘neurophysiological dissociation’ theory proposed by Marrazzi (1962, as cited in Slade 1976). He found that LSD produced inhibition of the association areas without affecting the primary visual cortex. He proposed that hallucinogenic drugs have their effect by producing a functional dissociation between the receiving cortex and the association areas. This loss of control of the latter over the former is responsible for the hallucinatory experience. A similar theory to Marrazzi is the ‘perceptual release’ theory, which was first proposed by Hughlings Jackson who believed that hallucinations were a result of loss of control of one area of the brain over the rest. More generally, he argues  that memories and internally generated images are naturally inhibited by information from the senses, and so such information is released when the sensory input is disrupted. Such a process tends to happen to people who indulge in sensory deprivation tanks, or to blind or deaf people. West (1962, as cited in Slade 1976) further developed the perceptual release theory to account for a whole range of percept like experiences, including hallucinations. The central beliefs of West’s theory is first, percept-like experiences are based on neural traces, templates, or engrams which are the permanent record of memories in the brain, secondly these templates/engrams are woven into the basic material of fantasies, dreams and hallucinations, and lastly, this reorganised experience is prevented from emerging into consciousness by the presence of external sensory input. The release of the reorganised experience can occur when there is sufficient arousal to permit awareness, combined with impairment of a sensory input. The perceptual release theory differs from Marrazzi’s theory in two main ways. Firstly, perceptual release theory, in placing arousal level as a central concept, assumes that subcortical structures play an important role, whereas Marrazzi’s t heory limits the area of dysfunction to structures within the cortex itself. Secondly, the perceptual release theory emphasises the disequilibrium between external sensory input and internal input from within, whereas Marrazzi does not (Slade, 1976). The perceptual release theory places strong emphasis on external sensory input, which has been supported through research demonstrating that interruption of the senses induces hallucinatory experiences. The best way to induce hallucinations, or where they occur the most, is through sensory deprivation. Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a common condition among people who have lost their sight in which they suffer visual hallucinations. Many studies have looked at the syndrome in order to provide a better understanding of visual hallucinations. One study exhibited a 64-year-old blind woman suffering from complex visual hallucinations (McNamara, Heros, Boller, 1982). It was found that neurosurgical removal of a large suprasellar meningioma helped remove her hallucinatory experiences. Such a case study provides evidence that hallucinations are related to both a  sensory deprivation and an impairment in CNS functioning. Another study claimed that, through looking at patients suffering f rom CBS, the hallucinations were due to an interruption in the visual association areas of the cerebral cortex. The researchers suggested that hallucinatory experiences could terminate on improving visual function or addressing social isolation (Menon, Rahman, Menon, Dutton, 2003). Deprivation of hearing can also induce hallucinations. Sometimes the deaf hear hallucinated sounds – they may even hear whole orchestras playing. Various case studies have demonstrated such a claim. Miller and Crosby (1979) found an 89-year-old woman experiencing the onset of musical hallucinations with longstanding progressive hearing loss. These hallucinations were well-formed perceptions of religious hymns and were nearly constant. Another study of a 52-year-old man proposed that the cause of musical hallucinations where due to progressive hearing loss and a result of sensory deprivation (Raghuram, Keshacan, Channabsavanna, 1980). Berrios (1990), through looking at a sample of 46 subjects experiencing musical hallucination, concluded that musical hallucinations were more common in females, and age and deafness seemed to play an important role in their development. Studies looking at CBS or hearing loss are consistent with the claim that hallucinations can occur as a result of an interruption in sensory input. However, studies have also addressed possible consistencies between hallucinations. There is no limit to the variety of hallucinations, although some common features have been identified suggesting a consistency that reflects underlying sensory processes. Such common features include spirals, concentric patterns, wavy lines, and bright colours. These similarities were investigated through studying the effects of mescaline, a hallucinogenic drug (Kluver 1926, as cited in Blackmore, 2010). It was found that brightly coloured images occurred, with a tendency to take on four forms. The first was gratings and lattices, the second was tunnels, funnels and cones, the third was spirals, and the fourth was cobwebs. These forms seem to be evident in hallucinations caused by drugs, fever, and more. The reason for such consistency lies within the map ping between patterns of the retina and  the columnar organisation of the primary visual cortex. Concentric circles from the retina are mapped into parallel lines in the visual cortex, with spirals, tunnels, lattices and cobwebs mapping onto lines in different directions. Inhibition is the cause of lines of activation in the visual cortex, and hallucinogenic drugs, lack of oxygen, certain diseases all affect inhibitory cells causing an excess of activity that can spread. In result, such consistent hallucinations occur similar to that of the four forms (Blackmore, 2010). However, there are also complex visual hallucinations in which the individual suffering from CBS/schizophrenia could see more concrete images such as monsters. In conclusion, research into hallucinations has provided a better understanding of the nature of conscious perception. Hallucinations have provided an interesting test case for theories on the mechanisms of conscious perception. In result the conscious experience without a stimulus provides a very useful case for consciousness research. Studying hallucinations is therefore extremely beneficial, as it has helped provide a window into imagery, imagination, and mental representation. References Berrios, G.E. (1990) Musical hallucinations, A historical and clinical study. BJP, 156, 188-194 Blackmore, S. (2010). Consciousness. An Introduction (2nd edition). Hodder Arnold. Hammeke, T.A. McQuillen, M.P. Cohen, B.A. (1983) Musical Hallucinations associated with acquired deafness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 46, 570-572 McNamara, M.E. Heros, R.C. Boller, F. (1982) Visual hallucinations in blindness: The Charles bonnet syndrome. International Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 13-15 Menon, G.J. Rahman, I. Menon, S.J. Dutton, G.N. (2003) Complex Visual Hallucinations in the Visually Impaired: The Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Survey of Ophthalmology, 48, 58-72 Miller, T.C. Crosby, T.W. (1979) Musical hallucinations in a deaf elderly patient. Annals of Neurology, 5, 301-302 Raghuram, R. Keshavan, M.D. Channabasavanna, S.M. (1980). Musical Hallucinations in a deaf middle-aged patient. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 357. Santhouse, A.M. Howard, R.J. Ffytche, D.H. (2000). Visual hallucinatory syndromes and the visual brain. Brain, 123, 2055-2064 Slade, P. (1976) Hallucinations. Psychological Medicine, 6, 7-13

The Lais Of Marie De France English Literature Essay

The Lais Of Marie De France English Literature Essay Adultery has always been seen as morally wrong. However, marriage has been seen as a sacred institution that is shared by most of the people and religions of the world. In Marie de Frances Lais, we are given insight to five adulterous affairs, six pre-marital sexual encounters, and one instance of impure thoughts. Marie de Frances writing allows readers to feel sympathy with the adulterers. Her lays are separated into two different categories. In the one category, readers feel empathy and compassion for the couple, as seen in Yonec and Lanval. In the second category, there is a combined idea of sympathy and disdain, as seen in Bisclaveret and Equitan. Marie de Frances lais focus on sex outside of marriage. However, the affairs that take place are often rewarded with children, wealth, healing, and loving marriages. In Marie de Frances first lai, Yonec tells the tale of a young woman who is kept locked away in a tower by her rich and old husband. We are told that he kept her there more than seven years (37), and that she was never allowed to come down not even for a relative, not for a friend (40). The young woman, who had no contact with anyone other than her husbands sister, began to let herself go. She lost her beauty, as a lady would (48). We begin to feel sympathetic for the young woman. Although her marriage to the man is sacred, we see the situation as cruel and unjust. When we are told that her beauty is fading, we feel a desire to see her made whole again. God, who have power over all, Please hear, please answer now my call (62-63). The young woman, although already married, prays that God will send her someone. A hawk soon appears and transforms into a knight. The affair seems acceptable to us because it is as though God has answered her prayer. The adulterous affair becomes even more acceptable in our eyes when we realize that their affair is not about only sex, but that they share a deep and tender love. The love that these lovers share brings the woman back to life. When the husband learns of the affair, he kills the knight. The woman is heartbroken until she learns that she is pregnant and will give birth to a son who Someday he will kill his and her enemy, be there avenger (102). When the son grows up and learns of his real father, he kills his stepfather. The poem concludes by saying All they once suffered for their love (158). Although the poem perhaps does not turn out the way we would like it to, we are left with a sense of happiness in the end. The next lai, Lanval, tells much of the same type of story. A distraught knight, who is frequently overlooked for his service, meets two women while wandering around. These two women bring the knight to their maiden who is waiting for him. The lady had a tender love for Lanval and has traveled very far in order to be with him. When Lanval hears this, he tells her All others for you I abandon (55). This begins their love affair. Being that they are not married and therefore should not be together so intimately, we dont see what theyre doing as wrong until much later. The lady tells Lanval that she much never tell anyone about her or she will leave him, so when he refuses Queen Guineveres advances, he is accused of being a homosexual. In order to disprove her accusations, Lanvel quickly brags about his lady and insults the queens beauty. King Author, hearing of this altercation, says that Lanval much face a trial and prove his claims. Lanval is distraught and cries out for her to come to him but she does not. As the trial nears its end, two of the womans servants appear. Lanval claims that Her serving maidsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Is better than you are, Lady Queen (106-108), is proven and shortly after this, his lover appears. The crowd feels that she is just the most beautiful girl, of all girls living in the world (137-138). In the end, Lanval and the woman end up together and we feel as if justice has been served. Even though the lovers are not married and marriage is not even suggested, we are still satisfied that the two lovers are able to be together. Unlike the first two lais, the next two belong to a different category. Bisclaveret is a lai in which an adulterous affair takes place which can only be viewed as negative. In this poem, a seemingly happy couple He loved her, she him (24), end up apart and as enemies. Every week for three days, the man disappears and the unnamed lady has no idea when he goes. The man finally reveals his dark secret of being a werewolf with his wife. Instead of remaining true to her husband and loving him, she began to look elsewhere. She refused to share his bed anymore, and in turn made herself the lover of a man who had loved her for a long time. Knowing her husbands secret, the woman now knew that all she had to do was hide his clothes for him to become forever trapped as a werewolf. This lais is unlike the other lais because we do not feel sympathy for the woman having the affair, but for the husband. The man did not have to share his secret with his wife, but he wanted to be faithful and honest. In return, the wife betrays him and begins an an adulterous affair with another man. Although the other affairs in the lais were morally wrong, the extenuating circumstances that surrounded the women and men made them more acceptable. In this story, the wronged man gains revenge. The Bisclaveret is taken in by the King and is kept there until he comes in contact with his estranged wife and her husband. Though he had not ever hurt a human, he attacks both of them and bites the nose off of his wife. The king demands that she bring him his clothes and he is transformed into a man again. As a result, the womens children are born without noses and the former husband has the greatest revenge. The adultery that takes place in this story, although the wife and lover do get married, is never looked upon approvingly. The circumstances that surrounded this story never allowed for us to feel any kind of sympathy for the woman at all. As tragic as it might have been that her husband was a werew olf, it was when she plotted maliciously against her husband that we felt nothing but disdain for her. In the final lai, Equitan is much like Bisclaveret. The King of Nauns desires his seneschals wife. She is described as beautiful in face and figure (49), and the king says that he loves her. He tells the lady For her, he is near his doom (75). He tells the woman that he wants her to be his lover, but allows her to think about it. The King offers to marry her if ever he husband were to die and there is so much love that accept the affair. However, we begin to feel contempt for the couple when the woman begins to plot the death of her husband. Her plan to kill her husband backfires when he finds out about their affair. As a result, the king dies by his own hand and his lover by her husband. Any sympathy that we might have felt for this couple disappears once ill will is plotted towards the husband Marie de France creates poems that tell stories of true love, betrayal, and adultery. She presents us with situations in which we decide for ourselves whether or not they are right or wrong. We feel sympathy and understanding for the couples in some lais, while we feel disdain and contempt in others. Sympathy arises in the situations where there are cruel and unusual circumstances, while contempt develops when mischief and evil are plotted. One moment as we read, we as readers are hoping the couples end up together, while the next moment we are hoping for revenge. In the end, Marie de Frances lais take us on a wonderful journey that is filled with many exciting highs and disastrous lows.

British Romanticism versus American Romanticism :: essays research papers

I bet since you read the topic of my paper that you think that this will be a â€Å"kissy kissy, lovey gooey† story about two British and American lovebirds. Well, the truth is that it’s not, in fact, it is totally different! The word â€Å"romance† has changed very much since our ancestral fathers had defined it. Unfortunately, I cannot write about Valentines Day, and things pertaining to that, but I will tell you how romance used to be and what exactly romance was like before modern day life changed the definition. So now, I’ll explain the differences, as well as the similarities between the British and American Romance. First, let’s give a little bit of overview about the British and American romance definitions. The British defined Romanticism as â€Å"a fascination with youth and innocence as well as a questioning of authority.† Also, â€Å"changing tradition for idealistic purposes and an adaptation to change.† p. The American poets defined Romanticism as â€Å"a school of thought that valued feelings and intuition over reason.† p. 143. â€Å"A Journey away from the corruption of civilization and the limits of rational thought and toward the integrity of nature and the freedom of imagination.† p. 142. American romance also showed a great respect to youth and innocence, just like that of the British. One of the very active British poets of this time, William Blake, wrote a very good poem called â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence†, and the following is a quote from the poem, â€Å"Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm, So if all do their duty they need not fear harm†As you can see, the trait of youth and innocence is easily visible in this poem. The child thinks that if he follows the strict laws of his keepers, that he will be treated well. Unfortunately, these are the thoughts of an innocent and naive mind. So he doesn’t have the experience to realize this though. It is probably likely to say that British and American romance originated from two different places. There were two primary events that caused the creation of British Romanticism. The primary was the French Revolution. The two major Romantic writers of this time were all for the expansion of ideas from the French, however, the English didn’t want this. This whole period made many stories and poems possible. The American Romanticism developed from a totally different string of events, however.

The Needle Treatment Essay examples -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Needle Treatment Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese method of "encouraging the body to promote natural healing and improve bodily function" (1) that dates back as far as 4,700 years ago. Now for the past 25 years it has appeared in the U.S. as a popular form of alternative medicine, and it is "a licensed and regulated HealthCare profession in about half the states in the U.S." (3). It is most often called upon for problems such as lower back pain, migraines, arthritis, and additional non-fatal aches and pains. Some people say it works, others are still skeptical. Since this method does not seem to be based on "actual science", is it merely a placebo effect? Can a medical practice dated nearly five millenniums ago still prove to be valid? When acupuncture was created, some of the medical concepts it employed were relatively new; there were not many falsified stories for it to build off from. In fact, "acupuncture is said to have been theorized... by Shen Nung, the father of Chinese medicine, who also documented his theories on the heart, circulation, and pulse over 400 years before Europeans had any concept about them" (1). Since then, Europeans and Asians alike have encountered centuries of medical dilemmas and successes. Over time, hypotheses emerge and are either disproved or continue to live on as part of scientific discourse and medical practice. For this reason, most old-fashioned treatments no longer hold true when compared to methods cultivated within the great wealth of knowledge attributed to medicine today – not because we are smarter now or are more civilized, but because the field of medicine has accumulated so much more experience and has improved methods to be "less wrong" countless times. So, wh y has acup... ...l position in the womb" (4). Altogether, acupuncture has withstood the test of time; not necessarily the test of criticism. The procedure seems to work sometimes, and so it has not been falsified. It seems very beautiful, ancient and creative, and so it is left alone as a non-conventional medical alternative. But there should be more studies done on the subject, especially to prevent people from depending on it because of a desire to be all-natural. This is not reason enough to abandon centuries of experience and of scientists getting it "less wrong". Acupuncture is a possible treatment – but not a perfect one. Internet Sources: 1) http://www.cdc-cdh.edu/hospital/cardio/art16.html 2) http://www.acupuncture.edu/laymans/index.htm 3) http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/991233942.html 4) http://www.tamu.edu/univrel/aggiedaily/news/stories/00/112900-3.html The Needle Treatment Essay examples -- Biology Essays Research Papers The Needle Treatment Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese method of "encouraging the body to promote natural healing and improve bodily function" (1) that dates back as far as 4,700 years ago. Now for the past 25 years it has appeared in the U.S. as a popular form of alternative medicine, and it is "a licensed and regulated HealthCare profession in about half the states in the U.S." (3). It is most often called upon for problems such as lower back pain, migraines, arthritis, and additional non-fatal aches and pains. Some people say it works, others are still skeptical. Since this method does not seem to be based on "actual science", is it merely a placebo effect? Can a medical practice dated nearly five millenniums ago still prove to be valid? When acupuncture was created, some of the medical concepts it employed were relatively new; there were not many falsified stories for it to build off from. In fact, "acupuncture is said to have been theorized... by Shen Nung, the father of Chinese medicine, who also documented his theories on the heart, circulation, and pulse over 400 years before Europeans had any concept about them" (1). Since then, Europeans and Asians alike have encountered centuries of medical dilemmas and successes. Over time, hypotheses emerge and are either disproved or continue to live on as part of scientific discourse and medical practice. For this reason, most old-fashioned treatments no longer hold true when compared to methods cultivated within the great wealth of knowledge attributed to medicine today – not because we are smarter now or are more civilized, but because the field of medicine has accumulated so much more experience and has improved methods to be "less wrong" countless times. So, wh y has acup... ...l position in the womb" (4). Altogether, acupuncture has withstood the test of time; not necessarily the test of criticism. The procedure seems to work sometimes, and so it has not been falsified. It seems very beautiful, ancient and creative, and so it is left alone as a non-conventional medical alternative. But there should be more studies done on the subject, especially to prevent people from depending on it because of a desire to be all-natural. This is not reason enough to abandon centuries of experience and of scientists getting it "less wrong". Acupuncture is a possible treatment – but not a perfect one. Internet Sources: 1) http://www.cdc-cdh.edu/hospital/cardio/art16.html 2) http://www.acupuncture.edu/laymans/index.htm 3) http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/991233942.html 4) http://www.tamu.edu/univrel/aggiedaily/news/stories/00/112900-3.html

Lincoln Could He Have Preserve :: essays research papers

From the time the South demanded the return of Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens, tension had been building in expectation of Lincoln’s reply. The options available to Lincoln were limited, and those that were available were further limited by constraints of time and man-power. Lincoln’s options were also limited by his goals. Lincoln had a set agenda, with preserving the Union at the head of the list. Lincoln also aimed to preserve Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens. Lincoln’s most pressing goal was to instigate the war without seeming to be the aggressor. This proved to be the most difficult goal, because to achieve this, he had to know how far to push without seeming to push at all. An additional goal was to perhaps lure the border states onto the northern side. This was an important goal because it fell in line with Lincoln’s un-hostile attitude. By being attacked first, he could say he was responding to an act of war on the United States. One of Lincoln’s options was to sit by and do nothing. This was not really an option, however, because abandoning his soldiers at this fort would not only lower the morale of his entire army, but could also turn many of his supporters against him. So, needless to say, Lincoln could not really consider this as an option. Lincoln, for a time, also entertained the idea of compromise. The southern resolve was so concrete that this idea was abandoned rather quickly. Another idea, proposed by Secretary of State Seward, was to abandon Fort Sumter and concentrate on Fort Pickens. Lincoln did not accept this idea either, mainly because abandoning a fort anywhere in the South would recognize the South as an independent nation. Even so, Seward managed to get a force together, and taking one of the strongest ships in the United States Navy, went to Pickens anyway. One idea with similar traits was the idea to abandon both forts, leaving the South. Though open to consideration, this was not at all in line with Lincoln’s thinking. Again this would recognize the South as an independent nation, which would finalize the secession. For lack of a better idea, some suggested the reinforcing of the forts, to protect them from bombardment. This idea was cast aside also, because, first of all, Fort Sumter lies in between two points of land, both protected by forts. To make this idea work, those forts would have to be taken, too.

Economics: The Functions of Money

1. What are the functions of money? (5) Money is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts. The main functions of money are distinguished as: a medium of exchange, a unit of account, a store of value, and occasionally, a standard of deferred payment. Money's most important function is as a medium of exchange to facilitate transactions. Without money, all transactions would have to be conducted by barter, which involves direct exchange of one good or service for another. The difficulty with a barter system is that in order to obtain a particular good or service from a supplier, one has to possess a good or service of equal value, which the supplier also desires. In other words, in a barter system, exchange can take place only if there is a double coincidence of wants between two transacting parties. Store of value. In order to be a medium of exchange, money must hold its value over time; that is, it must be a store of value. If money could not be stored for some period of time and still remain valuable in exchange, it would not solve the double coincidence of wants problem and therefore would not be adopted as a medium of exchange. 2. Explain why gold no longer performs the functions of money in the British economy? (5) The point of the gold-exchange standard is that it cannot last; the piper must eventually be paid, but only in a disastrous reaction to the lengthy inflationary boom. As sterling balances piled up in France, the U. S. , and elsewhere, the slightest loss of confidence in the increasingly shaky and jerry-built inflationary structure was bound to lead to general collapse. Thus the failure of inflated banks throughout Europe, and the attempt of hard money. France to cash in its sterling balances for gold, led Britain to go off the gold standard completely. Britain was soon followed by the other countries of Europe. The gold exchange standard was one of the elite collectivist bankers crowning accomplishments. But more coups were yet to come. In 1933 the bankers convinced Roosevelt to call in all private holdings of gold – essentially taking the money of the people. Gold was outlawed. Paper money was no longer redeemable in gold. This is why gold is not considered money in Britain. 3. Why are credit cards not money? (4) Money, in any form, is generally recognized as a very liquid asset, that is an asset that can be quickly converted to cash or used as cash Credit cards work in the same manner as a loan. If you buy an item using a credit card, the credit card company will pay the shopkeeper today and you will have an obligation to pay the credit card company when your credit card bill comes in. This obligation to the credit card company does not represent money. The money part of the transaction between you and the credit card company only comes into play when you pay your bill. So credit cards are not considered to be money. 4. Why is money in the current account of banks considered as money? (4) We have different types of accounts; savings accounts, current accounts and so on. But in this case, the bank rather takes the money you are supposed to receive as interest from you. That interest becomes a source of income to the bank. 5. What would you expect to happen to the rate of interest if money supply increases? Why? Draw a Diagram. (12) If money supply increases, the rate of interest will decrease. This is because the more money is available, the more loans are available. Competition for borrowers reduces the real interest rate. The NOMINAL interest rate may increase if the increase in the real money supply causes inflation. But in the short run, the interest rate falls, but as prices rise the interest rate will rise up again

Peace between Major Religions

Good morning everyone, It has been known that all religions have their differences and this can often lead to some conflict. However, throughout my speech three religion's views on peace will be Investigated and then eventually a solution will be found to living peacefully together. Christians, Buddhists and Muslims all have different ways to achieving peace both internally and externally and it is interesting to see many of the similarities and compare them. However, we have already reached our first differentiation between the religions; their view on what peace is and the source of it.Peace Is a fundamental aspect of all the religions and fleetly Christians would not be able to follow the 10 Commandments if peace was not portrayed through their actions. To love your neighbor as you love yourself requires you to love everyone and through respect and dignity this can be done. The source of peace in Christianity is Jesus himself as he bought peace to the world as he walked It. Jesus Is the peacemaker. Buddhism refers to peace as enlightenment, and the Buddha (a human prince) is the first man to reach enlightenment.Because Buddhism is about this occurrence it is often referred to as the religion of peace. Buddhists believe the source of peace is within everyone and that the Buddha teachings and ways will help everyone find the way to enlightenment. These two faiths could easily live In peace with each other but Muslims believe that to turn a house of war to a house of peace requires Muslims to kill all the non-believers. Personally I believe that this is most pathetic and UN-peaceful or violent way to peace ever.The Muslims seek their peace seeking information from their source of peace, the Quern. As portrayed these already differentiate and bring up multiple problems that could cause conflict. It will soon become very evident that these religions all contradict themselves. All of the religions have their Internal peace organizations and all of these organizati ons explore interrelations with other people outside of their religions. Some of the Christian organizations are SPEAK, Network of Christian Peace, Christian Peacemaker Teams UK and all the Christian churches.Islamic peace organizations include Muslims for Peace, MUNCH and Islamic Peace. I however find a problem with this, which will be explained soon. The Buddhist peace groups include Soak Kaki and Buddhist Peace Group, these 2 organizations are trying to achieve peace not only internally but pass it on to other and share their peaceful thoughts. However if in Islamic countries they seek peace why do they around punishing people and killing them, this appears to be a very urn-peaceful method.For example when I was In Dublin an Islamic country one I got kicked out of the shops because my clothes were too revealing, the police said to me, â€Å"get out of here or I will cut off your hand. † I feel hat the Muslim peace organizations really need to spread quickly because I thoug ht that the police was Just Joking, but no I saw 2 women without their hands. It Is UN- peaceful and doesn't show eternal love and care. Maybe these associations are seeking peace and respecting other people and their beliefs, but their religions as a I OFF All of the religions have their specific ways that they achieve peace or become peaceful within.Firstly Christian's have many ways to achieve peace but these have been paraphrased into a 6 step process: 1) Read the New Testament and the gospels re the best place to start 2) Pray to God, God will help you reach emotional and physical peace 3) Control yourself from doing things you will regret, make sure to think a bout your actions first. 4) Control your anger – sometimes some meditation or quiet time can help with releasing anger, pains and irritations 5) Do not respond to insults 6) Try to make the people who surround you peaceful as well.I believe this is quite an effective and reasonable way to achieve peace within and around you. The Buddhist methods of achieving peace are relatively the same like controlling your anger. However the Buddhist community thrives on meditation and the Buddha taught that through meditation and chant peace will be found internally. Islamic steps to peace were hard to understand at first however after thinking about the method I believe it could be quite effective. They believe that if you come to peace with yourself the world around you will be at peace with you.Therefore they also do some sort of meditation and imagine peaceful non-chaotic places where they are free. Also another interesting suggestion was to pick up a paintbrush and some paint and paint peace. This could be stimulating and personal and therefore be very successful for individuals. In the history of all the religions there appears to be evidence of stories or parables that suggest peaceful actions within the religion. In Christianity I believe that the most peaceful parable is the story of The Good Sa maritan.In this parable an ordinary Christian man is shown to help when others like the priest and a wealthy workingman don't. It shows genuine care for everyone and a form of peaceful treaty between Christianity and humanity. The parable of the Good Muslim is a parable that caches us that Allah is in ways the bringer of peace, â€Å"In the name of Allah [1], the All- Merciful, the Ever-Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the worlds. All Prayers and Peace of Allah be upon the Prophet saws [2]. The last contrasting religion is the Buddhists who have quite a fascinating parable, which relates to achieving peace, it is called, â€Å"The Proud Dung Beetle and the Lump of Dung. † It proves that everyone should be treated equally. It is shown throughout Buddhism that the Buddha, I. E. The prince didn't expect to be treated differently he wanted to be treated the same way as others. This bought to their community respect and no social class that seems to be a problem in modern day society.All in all I believe a mutual friendship and respect towards everyone especially people of a different religion. Respect is the key component in establishing peace between all people. If everyone of opposing religions can respect others beliefs and worldviews I believe that a peaceful solution can be formed within the community. I speak to the Muslims now in saying that you don't have to be apart of the violence in your religion, please feel free to make your own decisions and maybe Join a peace

Should Tourism Be Allowed in Antartica

Should Tourism be allowed in Antarctica? There is no doubt Antarctica is an incredible tourist destination. Visitor numbers have increased rapidly over the last few decades. During 1998-99, in the summer season, over 10,000 tourists visited Antarctica, compared with less than 2000, 19 years ago. This is not necessarily a good thing; what about all of the pollution people cause whilst travelling to Antarctica? This brings us to the question: Should Tourism be allowed in Antarctica?Some people think that tourism should be allowed in Antarctica. They think that people need to be educated about how Antarctica an extreme environment and climate. They think that we need to know what we are doing to the Earth; such as, we are spoiling their habitat by global warming because we are creating too much pollution, therefore creating the green house effect. It could be argued that because Antarctica is such a remote place we need to experience the different cultures, wild life and scenery.They al so believe that Antarctica has a magnificent wilderness with majestic mountains, glaciers, icebergs and abundant wildlife. Its remoteness, inaccessibility and severe climate add an element of adventure to a visit to Antarctica. On the other hand scientists want to go to Antarctica to find out so much more about it. They also carry out the kind of science in Antarctica, that cannot be done any were in the world; they also contribute to solving a global problem.Other people think that tourism should not be allowed in Antarctica because people Might introduce germs and diseases because when people don’t clean their boots they will get muddy and will pollute the water. When people are sick and they go too close to the animals they will give the diseases to them and the animals won’t survive. Also when humans are taken to Antarctica they might harm the animals there, for instance they will leave rubbish in animal habitats. They also might scare the animals with flash photog raphy.They also believe that people might trample penguins breeding areas therefore the number of penguins will go down and eventually the penguins will turn extinct. There are many worries about pollution in Antarctica as well. In the Gulf of Mexico there has been a huge oil spill in the ocean, what if that happened to Antarctica? All of the animals would die, if they keep drinking from the water. In approximately 10 years there will be a huge rubbish dump, because we are leaving too much rubbish in Antarctica. Although tour boats may give people more jobs they are leaving oo much waste in its path. Human Waste and leftover food scraps are usually thrown over the side of boats during tours. This is dangerous for the animals because they might eat it and they would most probably die. To conclude, I think that tourism should not be allowed in Antarctica unless they are scientist and going to preserve the content or to do research on Antarctica; but there has to be rule that you have to get permission from the government and you have to be based a certain amount of distance away from the animals main habitat.

Gay Marriage Essay

The issue of gay marriage remains controversial. Some people think that this trend has adverse effects on the society while others believe that it is seen as a natural trend and right for people to choose this type of marriage. My essay will discuss causes and effects of this problem. First, gay marriage is the result of psychological, legal, economic and biological effects. Medically speaking, if someone is born to be gay, the tendency is that he will not change his nature and want to live with people of the same sex. There are cases of men who marry the opposite sex and end up being unhappy till the day they decide to lead their own lives and stay with the same sex. Another reason is derived from economic drive. Despite not being inborn gay, several people, for sake of profit, opt for the solution to marry the similar sex. Besides, only after undergoing painful break-ups with so many people of the different sex do people lose their belief in love, and hence, choose to be by the side of the same sex. These people are believed to sympathize and care about them more. In addition, in such an open society where equality is recognized, it is inevitable that people can marry the one they love, despite the differences in age, race, family background and marriage notion. There are both positive and negative effects in this problem. As a result of recognizing the right of gay people in form of marriage, the society bestows upon these people the feeling of equity which makes them motivated to work as hard as other people. It is the acknowledgement of gay marriage that talented gay people continue contributing their best to social development, without bias. However, the fear is that no sooner has gay marriage become official than the society lacks the next generation since hardly could gay couples give birth. Another disadvantage is that children who are raised in gay families can rarely receive comprehensive education. Such purely male environment or female one is not enough for kids to develop normally, which might result in their mental disorders and sexual disorientation.

A Different Kind of Nurse

There are many people in my life that have had a significant influence on me. But there is one I’ll never forget. It was my freshman year of high school when I first met her: Ms. Nurse (my Spanish teacher) from Trinidad and Tobago. She spoke the language faster than I could even comprehend. Instantly, I began to panic and had no idea how I would pass the class. As soon as you said her name, people knew exactly who you were talking about. She had a reputation of giving a lot of homework, and working students really hard. I was intimidated. Ms. Nurse didn’t actually give a lot of homework or work students hard. She had a great passion to work students until their full potential came out. Many viewed her as a mean teacher, but there was something about her that inspired me. I noticed that she was doing what was best for us and truly cared about our education. She also taught us about less fortunate children in other parts of the world that would do anything to obtain an education like ours. Ms. Nurse influenced me to appreciate my education and work harder to make the most of it. The way Ms. Nurse taught brought excitement to the classroom. Ms. Nurse would use many different techniques to connect with students. Sometimes we would read and listen to Spanish conversations, draw on the board, look at diagrams, watch video clips, sing songs, and dance to Spanish music. Ms. Nurse made learning fun and I couldn’t wait until the next day of class. All of her different teaching techniques inspired me to pursue a major in education. I realized how much fun I would have and how much power: I could also influence students like she had influenced me. Unlike the other teachers in my school, she was colored (although that didn’t seem to affect her in any way,) nor the way I looked at her. I saw past the color of her skin and noticed that there was more to her. I learned about her life. Ms. Nurse was proud of her accomplishments, because she had gone through a lot to obtain them. I think that’s what inspired me most about her. She grew up with her grandmother in Trinidad and Tobago. She never knew her real father, and her mother had died. When Ms. Nurse came to the United States she faced many hardships because of her circumstances. She helped me realize that I could overcome any obstacle in my path. Ms. Nurse also influenced me to become a better person. During the month of October our class would contribute to UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund). My class participated in many different activities such as: donating clothing to charities, raising money for children in need, and helping people within our community. Outside of the classroom, I have also contributed to the Buffalo Audubon Society by participating in wetland clean-ups, as well as local church activities. After seeing the effect I had in my community, I plan to continue actively volunteering. Ms. Nurse also invented â€Å"the hot seat.† Everyday a student would go up in front of the class and sit in a cheetah print director’s chair. She would go around the class and have everyone say something they liked about the person sitting in the chair. The catch was you couldn’t say anything that had to do with his/her outward appearance. I can remember when she called my name to go into â€Å"the hot seat,† as if it was yesterday. I was terrified to get up in front of the whole class and have people say what they really liked about me. I was overwhelmed with feelings after hearing what my classmates said. Many liked my drive and determination. Others liked how I always answered questions Ms. Nurse would ask. Some of my classmates also admired how I would help them if they didn’t understand something. This was one of the many valuable life lessons Ms. Nurse taught us. We needed to look beyond a person’s outward appearance and deep into his /her heart. The influence she had over me was incredible. Although some people don’t understand Ms. Nurse, she was more than just a Spanish teacher to me. It was through her that I learned many valuable life lessons. Not to mention her influence on my future career path.

Roles of State and Federal Governments in employment Regulation Essay

Roles of State and Federal Governments in employment Regulation - Essay Example The employee is protected from employers whose tendency, as business people, is to try to maximize their profits by engaging their employees more and more in the work. Some of the employees are also protected from their employers due to their vulnerability and special need which may make the employers to discriminate against them. The real estate industry in California, like many other industries, is affected by most of the laws and regulations that govern employment. The labor act called the Labor Code in California is one law that affect the whole employment exercise and shows the direction of the services that should be availed to the employees. Some of the articles in this act which touch real estate includes, the payment of wages for the various categories of labor, working hours for laborers, agricultural labor relations, employees’ occupational privileges and restrictions, suits involving employers and labor unions, farm labor contractors, sanitary conditions, safety measures and other health provisions in the places of work and so on (Guerin, 2006). Real estate employs different categories of workers like janitors, estate managers, seasonal laborers such as repairers and others. One law of importance in the employment of these groups of people is found in SECTION 1060-1065 defines a contractor and subcontractors and other terms relating to contracts and how they are to be awarded. Section 1020-1024 of the California labor code which revolves around person employing people who have no contractor’s license to do a job for which such license is needed, misrepresenting an employee as an independent contractor in order to evade tax and other provisions that involve contractors and their obligations. Section 250-257 also has provisions for payment and wages of people hired in California but work in other states and the dispute resolution arising from such cases. Then sections 1400 -1408 talks

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Analysis - Case Study Example In the United States McDonalds is considered responsible for the increasing rate of obesity in the country and is alleged of promoting unhealthy food products and thus it has created a threat for the company. For an effective sustainability of the company, it is essential to adopt an effective marketing strategy that would promote healthy food products as well as the health risks from their consumption (Currie, Vigna, Moretti and Pathania 1-41). McDonalds are taking steps to enhance its image through promoting healthy foods. McDonald’s is among the largest fast food companies that operate all over the world having its head quarter in the United States. For the past several years, company is facing several issues regarding their marketing strategy as well as harmful impacts on the people due to the consumption of their fast food. It has been found through survey that a higher percentage of obesity all over the world including the United States is caused due to increasing rate of consumption of fast food. This is creating a threat for McDonalds brand image in the USA. However, McDonalds is using various marketing strategies to promote its food as healthy. Obesity is generally a metabolic disorder through which excess fat is accumulated in the body that negatively affects the health condition of an individual, leading to other chronic diseases. Level of obesity is measured with the help of Body Mass Index (BMI) and an individual in the Western countries are considered as obese if his/her BMI exceeds 30 kg/m2 . The reason for the increasing rate of obesity in the United States is considered due to the high intake of fast food and less physical activity. However, the government of the United States considered McDonalds as the main culprit for the increasing rate of obesity in the country and implemented various policies for restricting the marketing activities that would make fool of the people. In the year 2003, two obesity suits were made